Monday, January 30, 2012

How do you solve for the number of different ways to score 31 points in a basketball game?

How do you go about approaching this problem?



A basketball team scored 31 points. The points were made up of three pointers (3 points), field goals (2 points), and foul shots (1 point). How many different ways could the team have scored 31 points?How do you solve for the number of different ways to score 31 points in a basketball game?
Let's call the various shots A (3 points), B (2 points), C (1 point)

And we can use the notation (a, b, c)

to mean a A's (3 pts each), b B's (2 pts each), c C's (1 pt each).



You can have from 0-10 A's.

With 10 A's

(10, 0, 1) is the only possibility

If there are 9 A's,

(9, 2, 0) (9, 1, 2) (9, 0, 4) ... 3 ways

For 8 A's

(8, 3, 1) (8, 2, 3) (8, 1, 5) (8, 0, 7) ... 4 ways

For 7 A's

(7, 5, 0) so 6 ways (b = 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)

For 6 A's

(6, 6, 1) so 7 ways (b = 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0)

and the pattern will continue

Because 31 is odd, it jumps whenever a is odd.

A's: . 10 . . 9 . 8 .. .7 . 6 . .5 .. 4 .. . 3 . . 2 . . 1 .. 0 . . A's

ways: . 1 + (3+4) + (6+7) + (9+10) + (12+13) + (15+16) ways



96 ways.

.How do you solve for the number of different ways to score 31 points in a basketball game?
If the order of the scoring matters, (so 2+1+1 is different from 1+2+1 is different from 1+1+2 in counting the scoring 4 points) then the formula for how many ways to score n points is the nearest integer to:



a^n * (4a^2+3a+2)/(7a^2+4a+3)



where a is the real root of x^3-x^2-x-1=0 (so a ~ 1.84)

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How do you solve for the number of different ways to score 31 points in a basketball game?
The advanced way to do this is to use something called generating functions.



First, note that (1+x+x^2+...)(1+x^2+x^4+x^6...)(1+x^3+x^鈥?br>
is:



sum(i=0,oo) a_i x^i



where a_i is the number of ways to score i points.



But the terms in the above multiplication are geometric expressions, so:



sum a_i x^i = 1/[(1-x)(1-x^2)(1-x^3)]



Mulitply both sides by (1-x)(1-x^2)(1-x^3) = 1-x-x^2+x^+x^5-x^6, and recombine terms, and you get:





1 = sum(i=0,oo) x^i * (a_i - a_(i-1) - a_(i-2) + a_(i-4) + a_(i-5) - a_(i-6))



where we set a_i=0 for i%26lt;0.



Then a_0 = 1, and for i%26gt;0;



and a_i = a_(i-1) + a_(i-2) - a_(i-4) - a_(i-5) + a_(i-6)



This gives you a recursive definition of a_i, and you get the following values:

i a_i

1 1

2 2

3 3

4 4

5 5

6 7

7 8

8 10

9 12

10 14

11 16

12 19

13 21

14 24

15 27

16 30

17 33

18 37

19 40

20 44

21 48

22 52

23 56

24 61

25 65

26 70

27 75

28 80

29 85

30 91

31 96

32 102

33 108

34 114

35 120

36 127

37 133

38 140

39 147

40 154

41 161

42 169

43 176

44 184

45 192

46 200

47 208

48 217

49 225

50 234



There's a closed form solution that you can write as:



a_N = 25/72 + N/2 + N^2/12 + r_N,



where r_N cycles through the values:



r_0 = 47/72

r_1 = 5/72

r_2 = 23/72

r_3 = 29/72

r_4 = 23/72

r_5 = 5/72

r_(n+6) = r_n



In particular, since all of these are values between 0 and 1, exclusive, you can just compute 25/72 + N/2 + N^2/12 and round up to the next integer.
First, don't expect a very fancy method. This is sort of like ways of making $1 in change with 16 coins. If you call the scoring numbers, T,. G and F for three points, goals and fouls respectively then.....

3T + 2G + F = 31.

If F=1, T=10 max.

If F=1, G=15 max, and

if T and G=0, F=31.



So you have a lot of "wiggle room" to come up with combos to score 31 points.

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